LikeReceipt

Tannenberg, Battle Of

2005-04-05T00:45:00.000-07:00

Polish and Lithuanian forces proceeding toward

Yaka

2005-04-04T22:05:00.000-07:00

The BJP traces its roots to the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS; Indian People's Association), which was established in 1951 as the political wing of the Hindu paramilitary group Rashtriya Swayamesevak Sangh (RSS; National Volunteers Corps) by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee. The BJS advocated the rebuilding of India in accordance

Henderson, Sir Nevile Meyrick

2005-04-04T00:24:00.000-07:00

Henderson joined the diplomatic service in 1905, serving as minister

Switzerland

2005-04-03T17:29:00.000-07:00

Swiss economic development has been affected by specific physical and cultural geographic factors. In the first instance, there was a paucity of raw materials; precipitation and soil quality to a large extent determined the type and size of cultivation; urban and industrial expansion encroached on the limited amount of cultivable land; a central location, situated

Permafrost, Air temperature and ground temperature

2005-04-03T03:51:00.000-07:00

In areas where the mean annual air temperature becomes colder than 0° C, some of the ground frozen in the winter will not be completely thawed in the summer; therefore, a layer of permafrost will form and continue to grow downward gradually each year from the seasonally frozen ground. The permafrost layer will become thicker each winter, its thickness controlled by

Západoceský

2005-04-02T18:40:00.000-08:00

Also called Západní Cechy , English Western Bohemia kraj (region), western Czech Republic. It is bordered by Germany on the north and west and by Severoceský, Stredoceský, and Jihoceský kraje on the east. It is surrounded by mountains on its external boundaries and contains a series of hilly ranges running southwest to northeast. The region's only lowland areas are the valleys of the Berounka River and its several tributaries

Arts, Islamic, Philosophy: Averroës and Avicenna

2005-04-01T08:21:00.000-08:00

Philosophy, medicine, and theology, all of which flourished in the 'Abbasid East, were also of importance in the Maghrib; and from there strong influences reached medieval Europe. The influences often came through the mediation of the Jews, who, along with numerous Christians, were largely Arabized in their cultural and literary outlook. The eastern Muslim countries

Annelid, Life span

2005-03-31T23:09:00.000-08:00

Since both the polychaetes and oligochaetes are able to regrow lost parts—i.e., regenerate (see below)—it may appear that they are essentially ageless. Few longevity studies have been carried out with polychaetes, however. Most of the adults of species studied have a characteristic number of segments, which form rapidly during early life and prior to the appearance

Durango

2005-03-31T10:02:00.000-08:00

State, north central Mexico. It is bounded by the states of Chihuahua (north), Coahuila and Zacatecas (east), Jalisco and Nayarit (south), and Sinaloa (west). The western portion of the state's 47,560 sq mi (123,181 sq km) of territory lies within the mineral-laden Sierra Madre Occidental; semiarid plains, used for ranching, comprise the eastern portion. Coursing eastward from the Sierra Madre,

Beaconsfield

2005-03-30T09:09:00.000-08:00

The wide main street of the old town of Beaconsfield, bordered by 18th-century houses, contrasts with the modern town, in which commuters to London—28 miles (39 km) to the southeast—reside. Beaconsfield was adopted by Benjamin Disraeli, the 19th-century British

Addison Disease

2005-03-29T09:05:00.000-08:00

The adrenal cortex produces numerous hormones called corticosteroids, which are involved in important functions of the body such as regulation of metabolism, blood pressure, and sodium and potassium levels. Damage to the

Cinco De Mayo

2005-03-29T03:24:00.000-08:00

National holiday in Mexico in honour of a military victory in 1862 over the French forces of Napoleon III. When in 1861 Mexico declared a temporary moratorium on the repayment of foreign debts, English, Spanish, and French troops invaded the country. By April 1862 the English and Spanish had withdrawn, but the French, with the support of wealthy landowners, remained in an attempt

Pietro Da Cortona,

2005-03-28T05:39:00.000-08:00

Pietro studied in Rome from about 1612 under the minor Florentine painters Andrea Commodi and Baccio Ciarpi and was influenced by antique sculpture and the work of Raphael. The most important of his earliest paintings were three frescoes

Dietary Law, Chiefdoms

2005-03-27T11:50:00.000-08:00

The next major social and political developments in human history are the appearance of institutions in which political and economic power is exercised by a single person (or group) over many communities. Often referred to as chiefdoms by anthropologists, this development signalled a process evident today throughout the world, namely, the steady growth of centralized

Hinduism, Jainism

2005-03-27T10:18:00.000-08:00

With Jainism, which always remained an Indian religion, Hinduism has so much in common, especially in social institutions and ritual life, that nowadays Hindus tend to consider it a Hindu sect. Many Jains also are inclined to fraternization. The points of difference—e.g., a stricter ahimsa practice and the absence of sacrifices for the deceased in Jainism—do not give

Pagliero, Marcello

2005-03-25T20:19:00.000-08:00

Although born in England, Pagliero grew up in Italy, where he completed his formal education with a degree in jurisprudence. With a knowledge of English, Pagliero first worked as a translator of screenplays. During World War

Colchester

2005-03-25T02:00:00.000-08:00

As Camulodunum, the town of Colchester was the capital of the pre-Roman Belgic ruler Cunobelinus and is so named on his coins. Although burned in 60 CE during the rising of the British queen Boudicca, Colchester soon became one of the

López Michelsen, Alfonso

2005-03-24T20:16:00.000-08:00

The son of Alfonso López Pumarejo, who was twice president of Colombia (1934–38 and 1942–45), López Michelsen was educated in Bogotá, Paris, London, and Brussels, with postgraduate studies at Georgetown University and the University of Chile. Returning to Colombia from voluntary exile in Mexico in 1958, he organized a new party of dissident Liberals, the

Gippsland

2005-03-24T02:02:00.000-08:00

Region of southeastern Victoria, Australia, extending northeast from Western Port (near Melbourne) to the New South Wales border and south from the Eastern Highlands to the coast, with an area of 13,600 square miles (35,200 square km). Fertile and well watered (34 inches [860 mm] annually), Gippsland is the focus of the state's dairy industry, supplying most of Melbourne's liquid milk. Lignite

American Evangelical Lutheran Church

2005-03-23T11:59:00.000-08:00

Church established by Danish immigrants who in 1874 took the name Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and formally organized as a synod in Neenah, Wis., in 1878. A constitution was accepted in 1879, and the present name was adopted in 1954. In 1962 the American Evangelical Lutheran Church (with about 24,000 members), the United Lutheran Church in America, the Augustana Evangelical Lutheran

Seton, Saint Elizabeth Ann

2005-03-22T09:13:00.000-08:00

Elizabeth Bayley was the daughter of a distinguished physician. She devoted a good deal of time to working among the poor, and in 1797 she joined Isabella

Chauk

2005-03-22T08:27:00.000-08:00

Town and port, north-central Myanmar (Burma). Situated in the Irrawaddy River basin, it is a petroleum port for the Singu-Chauk oil fields. Traditionally, people of the Mon group gathered asphalt in the area to weatherproof houses. In 1902 the British discovered the Chauk-Lonywa oil field. Later, crude oil from Chauk was sent by a 350-mile (563-kilometre) pipeline to Syriam for refining.

Ha'apai Group

2005-03-21T07:17:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Haabai Group, central island cluster of Tonga, in the South Pacific Ocean about 2,000 miles (3,000 km) northeast of Sydney. Comprising 36 coral and volcanic islands, the group has a total land area of 43 square miles (110 square km), dispersed over about 5,000 square miles (13,000 square km). The administrative headquarters and principal port in the group is Pangai, which is situated on the west coast of Lifuka, a crescent-shaped

Astyanax

2005-03-20T07:04:00.000-08:00

In Greek legend, prince, son of the Trojan prince Hector and his wife Andromache; he was also known as Scamandrius, after the River Scamander, near Troy. After the fall of Troy he was hurled from the battlements of the city by the Greek warrior Neoptolemus. According to medieval legend, however, he survived the war, established the kingdom of Messina in Sicily, and founded

Duanehunt Law

2005-03-20T07:01:00.000-08:00

In atomic physics, the relationship between the voltage (V ) applied to an X-ray tube and the maximum frequency n of the X rays emitted from the target. It is named after the American physicists William Duane and Franklin Hunt. The relationship is expressed as n = Ve/h, in which e is the charge of the electron and h is Planck's constant. This law is sometimes called the inverse photoelectric

Rabies

2005-03-19T13:30:00.000-08:00

Also called hydrophobia , or lyssa acute, usually fatal, viral infectious disease of the central nervous system. The disease is usually spread among domestic dogs and wild carnivorous animals; all warm-blooded animals are susceptible to rabies infection. The virus, a rhabdovirus, is often present in the salivary glands of rabid animals and is excreted in the saliva; thus, the bite of the infected animal

Aquinas, Thomas, Saint

2005-03-19T04:09:00.000-08:00

Thomas was born to parents who were in possession of a modest feudal domain on a boundary constantly disputed by the emperor and the pope. His father was of Lombard origin; his mother was of the later invading Norman strain. His people were distinguished in the service of Emperor Frederick II during the civil strife in southern Italy between the papal and imperial

U-boat

2005-03-18T10:44:00.000-08:00

German U-boot, abbreviation of Unterseeboot (“undersea boat”), a German submarine. The destruction of enemy shipping by German U-boats was a spectacular feature of both World Wars I and II.

Semiconductor Device, The p-n junction

2005-03-18T03:35:00.000-08:00

If an abrupt change in impurity type from acceptors (p-type) to donors (n-type) occurs within a single crystal structure, a p-n junction is formed (see Figure 3B and 3C). On the p side, the holes constitute the dominant carriers and so are called majority carriers. A few thermally generated electrons will also exist in the p side; these are termed minority carriers. On the n

Farah, Nuruddin

2005-03-17T18:47:00.000-08:00

The son of a merchant and the well-known Somali poet Aleeli Faduma, Farah was educated in Ethiopia and at the colonial-era Institutio Magistrale in

Dennis, Nigel

2005-03-17T08:02:00.000-08:00

Dennis spent his early childhood in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and was educated, in part, at the Odenwald School in Germany. He moved to Britain

Textile, Basic weaves

2005-03-16T13:23:00.000-08:00

The basic weaves include plain (or tabby), twills, and satins (see Figure 7).

Aguirre, Lope De

2005-03-16T09:35:00.000-08:00

Nothing is known of Aguirre's life prior to 1544, when he arrived in Peru and took part in the Spanish suppression of Indian rebellions and in the wars that continually broke out between

Zambales Mountains

2005-03-15T14:59:00.000-08:00

Volcanic range in the southwestern part of northern Luzon in the Philippines. The range stretches northwest-southeast from Lingayen Gulf in the north to the Bataan Peninsula and the entrance to Manila Bay in the south. Its greatest elevation is High Peak (6,683 feet [2,037 m]). Lying farther south and across the bay from Manila is Mount Mariveles (4,659 feet [1,420 m]), which marks the southern

Arica

2005-03-14T23:29:00.000-08:00

Capital of Arica province, Tarapacá region, Chile. The city lies along the Pacific coast, at the foot of El Morro (a precipitous headland), and is fringed on its southern edge by sand dunes of the rainless Atacama Desert. Arica is situated near the Peruvian border and is the northernmost Chilean seaport. Founded as San Marcos de Arica in 1570 on the site of a pre-Columbian settlement,

Körner, (karl) Theodor

2005-03-14T22:36:00.000-08:00

His father, Christian Gottfried Körner, was a friend of Friedrich Schiller. Körner grew up in a house frequented by writers and scientists. He studied philosophy in Berlin, where he attended

Biblical Literature, Early stages

2005-03-14T03:43:00.000-08:00

The earliest Christian exegesis of the Old Testament is found in the New Testament, not in the written texts only but in the oral tradition lying behind them. Some lines of exegesis are present in so many separate strands of primitive Christian teaching that they are most reasonably assigned to Jesus, who began his Galilaean ministry with the announcement that

Hydrosphere, Distribution of precipitation

2005-03-14T01:26:00.000-08:00

Precipitation falling toward the Earth's surface may suffer several fates. It may be evaporated during its fall or after it reaches the ground surface. If the surface is covered with dense vegetation, much of the precipitation may be held on leaves and plant limbs and stems. This process is termed interception and may result in little water reaching the ground because

La Matanza

2005-03-12T16:52:00.000-08:00

Partido (political subdivision) of Gran (Greater) Buenos Aires, Arg., directly southwest of the city of Buenos Aires, in Buenos Aires province. The present-day partido was part of the Pago (country district) de las Conchas during the 17th and early 18th centuries. In 1730 the Pago de las Conchas was divided into four rural settlement areas, one of which was the Pago de la Matanza. The

Oberpfalz

2005-03-12T02:35:00.000-08:00

English Upper Palatinate Regierungsbezirk (administrative district), east-central Bavaria (or Bayern) Land (state), southern Germany. Oberpfalz is bordered by the Czech Republic to the east and the Regierungsbezirke of Niederbayern (Lower Bavaria) and Oberbayern (Upper Bavaria) to the south, Mittelfranken (Middle Franconia) to the west, and Oberfranken (Upper Franconia) to the north. The district's

Alexander I

2005-03-11T19:59:00.000-08:00

Byname Alexander Philhellene, or Alexander The Wealthy 10th king of ancient Macedonia, who succeeded his father, Amyntas I, about 500 BC. More than a decade earlier, Macedonia had become a vassal state of Persia; and in 480 Alexander was obliged to accompany Xerxes I in a campaign through Greece, though he secretly aided the Greek allies. With Xerxes' apparent acquiescence, Alexander seized the Greek colony of Pydna and advanced his

Chancre

2005-03-11T00:46:00.000-08:00

Typical skin lesion of the primary stage of infectious syphilis, usually appearing on the penis, labia, cervix, or anorectal region. (Because in women the chancre often occurs internally, it may go unnoticed.) The lesion often occurs in combination with a painless swelling of the regional lymph nodes, and together these symptoms are the major characteristics of syphilis

Muhammad Xi

2005-03-10T20:08:00.000-08:00

Instigated by his mother, a jealous wife, Boabdil rebelled against his father, the sultan Abu al-Hasan 'Ali (called in Spanish sources Muley Hacén, or Alboacen); and with the aid of the Abencerrajes

New Castle

2005-03-10T02:36:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1822) of Henry county, eastern Indiana, U.S. It lies along the Blue River, 50 miles (80 km) east of Indianapolis. Founded in 1819 and named by Ezekiel Leavell for his hometown in Kentucky, it was incorporated in 1839. In 1900 a decade of expansion began when automobile and piano manufacturing, as well as other industries, were started there. During this same period, the large-scale commercial

China, Philosophy and religion

2005-03-09T18:03:00.000-08:00

Taoism and Buddhism by Ming times had declined into ill-organized popular religions, and what organization they had was regulated by the state. State espousal of Chu Hsi thought, and state repression of noted early Ming litterateurs, such as the poet Kao Ch'i and the thinker Fang Hsiao-ju, made for widespread philosophical conformity during the 15th century. This was

4-h Club

2005-03-09T10:35:00.000-08:00

One of an organization of clubs for youth aged 10 to 21 who engage in programs of “learning by doing.” The clubs are found principally in the United States and Canada, though some 80 other nations have adopted the idea. The 4-H Club emblem is the four-leaf clover with the letter H on each leaf; the club colours are green and white. The name 4-H is suggested in the pledge:I pledgeMy Head to

Mitchell, S. Weir

2005-03-08T04:09:00.000-08:00

After study at the University of Pennsylvania and Jefferson Medical College (M.D., 1850), Mitchell spent a year in Paris specializing in neurology. As an army surgeon during the American Civil War, he became well known for his “rest cure.” His

Bloodfin

2005-03-07T17:10:00.000-08:00

Freshwater fish, a species of characin (q.v.).

Eastern Orthodoxy, God and man

2005-03-07T09:12:00.000-08:00

The Greek Fathers of the church always implied that the phrase found in the biblical story of the creation of man (Gen. 1:26), according to “the image and likeness

West Dorset

2005-03-06T21:14:00.000-08:00

District, administrative county of Dorset, southern England. The district lies almost entirely within the historic county of Dorset, except for small areas along the northern border that belong to the historic county of Somerset. It occupies an area bordering on Lyme Bay of the English Channel and surrounds to landward the ports of Weymouth and Portland, which

Chemical Compound, Preparation

2005-03-06T18:58:00.000-08:00

Thioketones are usually prepared through reaction of ketones with phosphorus sulfur reagents such as Lawesson's reagent, Ar2P2S4 (Figure 50). Xanthates (Greek xanthos, “yellow,” from the colour of their copper salts), thiocarbonyl derivatives of carbonates, ROC(=S)OR, are prepared from alcohols and carbon disulfide. This reaction is used to produce a soluble form of cellulose

Mineral

2005-03-06T15:34:00.000-08:00

Naturally occurring homogeneous solid with a definite chemical composition and a highly ordered atomic arrangement; it is usually formed by inorganic processes. There are several thousand known mineral species, about 100 of which constitute the major mineral components of rocks; these are the so-called rock-forming minerals.

Mondino De' Luzzi

2005-03-06T00:49:00.000-08:00

Mondino received his

Sicani

2005-03-05T01:49:00.000-08:00

English Sicans according to ancient Greek writers, the aboriginal inhabitants of western Sicily, as opposed to the Siculi of eastern Sicily. Archaeologically there is no substantial difference between Sicani and Siculi (Sicels) in historical times; but ancient authorities believed the Sicani to be Iberians from Spain who were driven by the invading Siculi into the western

Acto Adicional Of 1834

2005-03-04T10:10:00.000-08:00

The abdication of the unpopular Brazilian emperor Pedro I in 1831 precipitated the surfacing of violently opposed factions and civil

Lipizzaner

2005-03-03T06:47:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Lippizaner, also called Lipizzan, breed of horse that derived its name from the Austrian imperial stud at Lipizza, near Trieste, formerly a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The founding of the breed dates to 1580, and detailed breeding records date from 1700. The ancestry is Spanish, Arabian, and Berber. The six strains (Pluto, Conversano, Neapolitano, Favory, Maestoso, and Siglavy) are named from their foundation

Espino, Héctor

2005-03-03T01:56:00.000-08:00

Espino started playing in the outfield but switched

Neo-thomism

2005-03-02T21:34:00.000-08:00

Modern revival of the philosophical and theological system known as Thomism (q.v.).

Alabama, Industry

2005-03-02T05:26:00.000-08:00

Industrial development in Alabama has long been based on the iron and steel industry of Birmingham, the development of which was facilitated by accessible deposits of iron ore, coal, and limestone. Other minerals include the state's well-known white marble. Oil production in commercial quantities dates from 1944, and there are a number of wells in the coastal regions.

Karaikal

2005-03-02T03:30:00.000-08:00

The area was part of the Cola empire in the 10th century,

Argentina, The crisis of 1890

2005-03-02T02:47:00.000-08:00

The economic expansion led ultimately to inflation, the issuance of too much paper currency, and the onset of a financial crisis. A political crisis also followed. The government of Roca's successor, Miguel Juárez Celman (1886–90), had avoided launching an unpopular anti-inflationary program, but this inaction sparked criticism both within and outside the official party

Taliban

2005-02-28T19:41:00.000-08:00

Persian Taleban (“Students”) , also spelled Taleban ultraconservative political and religious faction that emerged in Afghanistan in the mid 1990s following the withdrawal of Soviet troops, the collapse of Afghanistan's communist regime, and the subsequent breakdown in civil order. The faction took its name from its membership, which consisted largely of students trained in madrasahs (Islamic religious schools)

Calamine Brass

2005-02-28T17:00:00.000-08:00

Alloy of copper with zinc, produced by heating fragments of copper with charcoal and a zinc ore, calamine or smithsonite, in a closed crucible to red heat (about 1,300° C, or 2,400° F). The ore is reduced to a zinc vapour that diffuses into the copper. Apparently invented in Asia Minor, this method of brass manufacture was common from the 1st millennium BC. In Roman times a brass industry was

Pitch Lake

2005-02-28T13:30:00.000-08:00

Large surface deposit of natural asphalt, a mixture of heavy oils that is left after the lighter, more volatile components of a crude-oil seepage have evaporated. An example is Guanoco Lake in Venezuela, which covers more than 445 hectares (1,100 acres) and contains an estimated 6,000,000 tons of asphalt. It was used as a commercial source of asphalt from 1891 to 1935. Smaller deposits occur commonly

Biblical Literature, Developments in the 16th century

2005-02-28T04:49:00.000-08:00

With the advent of printing and differences between Roman Catholics and Protestants, the canon and its relationship to tradition finally became fixed. During the Counter-Reformation Council of Trent (1545–63), the canon of the entire Bible was set in 1546 as the Vulgate, based on Jerome's Latin version. For Luther, the criterion of what was canonical was both apostolicity, or what

Shahi Family

2005-02-26T19:22:00.000-08:00

Also called Shahiya, dynasty of some 60 rulers who governed the Kabul valley (in Afghanistan) and the old province of Gandhara from the decline of the Kushan empire in the 3rd century AD. The word Shahi, the title of the rulers, is related to the old Kushan form shao, or “king.” The dynasty probably descended from the Kushans, or Turks (Tarushkas). Nothing is recorded of the history of the long line until the last

Amadi, Elechi

2005-02-26T04:27:00.000-08:00

Amadi, an Ijo (Ijaw) who wrote in English, was educated at Government College, Umuahia, and University College, Ibadan, in physics and mathematics. He served in the Nigerian army, taught, and worked for the Ministry of Information.

Tlaxcala

2005-02-26T01:40:00.000-08:00

Inland plateau estado (“state”), central Mexico, bordered by the states of Puebla on the northeast, east, and south; by México on the west; and by Hidalgo on the northwest. The smallest Mexican state, its 1,551-square-mile (4,016-square-kilometre) territory has a mean elevation of 7,000 feet (2,100 m) and a cool, healthful climate, but frequent winter frosts are injurious to local agriculture. The state

Fabricius Luscinus, Gaius

2005-02-25T06:10:00.000-08:00

Originally from Aletrium in Latium, Fabricius settled in Rome and c. 285 negotiated a dispute for the Romans with the people of Tarentum. He was consul in 282 and 278 and censor in 275. During the first consulship he rescued Thurii from defeat

Bulbourethral Gland

2005-02-24T22:34:00.000-08:00

Also called Cowper's Gland, either of two pea-shaped glands in the male, located beneath the prostate gland at the beginning of the internal portion of the penis; they add fluids to semen during the process of ejaculation (q.v.). The glands, which measure only about 1 cm (0.4 inch) in diameter, have ducts that empty into the urethra, the tube through which both urine and semen pass. They are composed of a network

Amarna, Tell El-

2005-02-24T13:33:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Tall al-Amarna , or Tel el-Amarna site of the ruins and tombs of the city of Akhetaton (“Horizon of Aton”) in Upper Egypt, 44 miles (71 km) north of modern Asyut in al-Minya muhafazah (governorate). On a virgin site on the east bank of the Nile, Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV) built the city in about 1348 BC as the new capital of his kingdom when he abandoned the worship of Amon and devoted himself to that of Aton. About four years after Akhenaton's

Dysphagia

2005-02-24T05:54:00.000-08:00

Difficulty or pain in swallowing, caused by lesions or stricture of the upper digestive tract, obstruction of the upper digestive tract by tumours or foreign bodies, or disturbances in the nervous or muscular control of swallowing. Obstruction of the esophagus is the most common cause of dysphagia. People with dysphagia may experience a sensation that food or

Lancaster, House Of

2005-02-24T00:57:00.000-08:00

The family name first appeared in 1267, when the title earl of Lancaster was granted to Edmund “Crouchback” (1245–96), the youngest son of Henry III. Two of Edmund's sons by his second

Chassériau, Théodore

2005-02-23T02:24:00.000-08:00

As a boy, Chassériau entered the studio of Ingres, following his master to Rome in 1834. Chassériau's immediate success at the Paris Salon of 1836 was confirmed three

Adobe Systems Incorporated

2005-02-21T19:59:00.000-08:00

The company was founded in 1982 by John Warnock and Charles Geschke. While employed at Xerox Corporation's Palo Alto (California) Research Center (PARC), the two computer scientists had developed a programming language specially designed to describe the precise position, shape, and size of objects on a computer-generated page. This page description language, later known

Sabah

2005-02-21T13:30:00.000-08:00

Region of East Malaysia, forming the northern part of the great island of Borneo, and bordered by Sarawak (southwest) and Kalimantan, or Indonesian Borneo (south). Sabah has an 800–900-mile- (1,290–1,450-kilometre-) long, heavily indented coastline that is washed by the South China, Sulu, and Celebes seas. It was known as North Borneo during the British colonial period (until 1963). Its 28,425-square-mile (73,620-square-kilometre)

Macdonald, Jacques, Duc De Tarente

2005-02-21T05:49:00.000-08:00

The son of a Scottish adherent of the exiled British Stuart dynasty, who had served in a Scots regiment in France, he joined the French army and was a colonel when the wars of the French Revolution broke out. He was promoted to general in 1793 and to general of division

Alleghenian Orogeny

2005-02-20T06:15:00.000-08:00

A mountain-building event that affected the Appalachian Geosyncline in late Paleozoic (Permian) time, from about 300 million to 250 million years ago. The term Appalachian Revolution formerly was applied to this event. The Alleghenian orogeny is most pronounced in the central and southern Appalachians and produced the compressional folding and faulting of the Ridge

Metallica

2005-02-19T20:16:00.000-08:00

Influential American heavy metal band that, along with Slayer and Anthrax, created the subgenre of speed metal in the early and mid-1980s. The principal members were James Hetfield (b. Aug. 3, 1963, Downey, Calif., U.S.), Lars Ulrich (b. Dec. 26, 1963, Gentofte, Den.), Kirk Hammett (b. Nov. 18, 1962, San Francisco, Calif.), and Cliff Burton (b. Feb. 10, 1962, San Francisco—d. Sept. 27, 1986, near Stockholm, Swed.). Jason Newsted (b. March 4, 1963, Battle Creek,

Mashriq

2005-02-19T06:11:00.000-08:00

The Mashriq comprises two major physical regions. One consists of barren

Lorain

2005-02-19T01:16:00.000-08:00

City, Lorain county, northern Ohio, U.S., 26 mi (42 km) west of Cleveland, on Lake Erie at the mouth of the Black River, adjacent to Elyria (south). Moravian missionaries camped briefly on the site in 1787, but the first permanent settler was Nathan Perry, from Vermont, who built a trading post there in 1807. First known as Black River, it was incorporated as the village of Charlestown in 1836 and was

Emecheta, Buchi

2005-02-18T08:44:00.000-08:00

Emecheta was married at age 16 and immigrated with her husband to London in 1962. The problems she encountered in London during the early 1960s provided background for the books that are called her immigrant novels. Her first two books,

Pluto

2005-02-17T19:08:00.000-08:00

Pluto, designated {Pluto symbol} in astronomy, is so distant that sunlight traveling at 299,792 km per second takes more than five hours to reach the planet. An observer standing on the planet's surface would see the Sun as an extremely bright star in the

Scandinavian Literature

2005-02-17T14:49:00.000-08:00

The body of writings in the North Germanic group of languages, the modern forms of which include Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish, and Faeroese. The literary works written in these languages, though manifesting certain differences reflective of distinct national institutions, exhibit strong similarities stemming from deep-seated common linguistic and

Isodrin

2005-02-17T14:20:00.000-08:00

Chlorine-containing organic compound used as an insecticide; see aldrin.

Piedmont

2005-02-16T22:12:00.000-08:00

Geographic region in the eastern United States, running some 600 miles (950 km) between New Jersey (north) and Alabama (south) and lying between the Appalachian Mountains (west) and the Atlantic Coastal Plain (east). It comprises a relatively low rolling plateau (from 300 to 1,800 feet [90 to 550 m]) cut by many rivers and is a fertile agricultural region. Cotton is the most important crop in the southern

K.t.

2005-02-16T17:18:00.000-08:00

Knight of the Thistle, member of a Scottish order of knighthood. See Thistle, The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the.

France, History Of, The monarchy

2005-02-16T04:41:00.000-08:00

The kingdom of France was descended directly from the west Frankish realm ceded to Charles the Bald in 843. Not until 987 was the Carolingian dynastic line set aside, but there had been portentous interruptions. The reunited empire of Charles the Fat (884–888) proved unworkable: the Viking onslaught was then at its worst, and the king proved incapable of managing defenses, which fell

Calcarenite

2005-02-14T17:44:00.000-08:00

Sedimentary rock formed of calcareous particles ranging in diameter from 0.06 to 2 mm (0.002 to 0.08 inch) that have been deposited mechanically rather than from solution. The particles, which consist of fossil materials, pebbles and granules of carbonate rock, and oölites (spherical nodules with concentric structure), are transported and sorted by flowing water. When formed almost

Colombian Abyssal Plain

2005-02-14T04:07:00.000-08:00

Submarine plain forming part of the floor of the south-central Caribbean Sea, and the deepest and flattest portion of the Colombian Basin. It rises to the southeast to form the Caribbean coast of Colombia, joins the Clark Basin and Central America's part of the continental shelf to the west, and stretches northward toward the island of Jamaica. The plain is separated

Aufbau Principle

2005-02-14T01:25:00.000-08:00

(from German Aufbauprinzip, “building-up principle”), rationalization of the distribution of electrons among energy levels in the ground (most stable) states of atoms. The principle, formulated by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr about 1920, is an application of the laws of quantum mechanics to the properties of electrons subject to the electric field created by the positive

Middle Comedy

2005-02-13T20:39:00.000-08:00

Style of drama that prevailed in Athens from about 400 BC to about 320 BC. Preoccupied with social themes, Middle Comedy represents a transition from Old Comedy, which presented literary, political, and philosophical commentary interspersed with scurrilous personal invective, to New Comedy, with its gently satiric observation of contemporary domestic life. Aristophanes'

Alembert, Jean Le Rond D'

2005-02-12T23:21:00.000-08:00

Posterity has not confirmed the judgment of those contemporaries who placed d'Alembert's reputation next to Voltaire's. In spite of his original contributions to the mathematical sciences, intellectual timidity prevented his literary and philosophical work from attaining true greatness. Nevertheless, his scientific background enabled him to elaborate

Anambra

2005-02-12T14:39:00.000-08:00

Anambra is bounded by the states of Kogi on the north, Enugu on the east, Abia on the southeast, Imo and Rivers on the south, and Delta and Edo on the

Aelia Capitolina

2005-02-12T03:32:00.000-08:00

City founded in AD 135 by the Romans on the ruins of Jerusalem, which their forces, under Titus, had destroyed in AD 70. The name was given, after the Second Jewish Revolt (132–135), in honour of the emperor Hadrian (whose nomen, or clan name, was Aelius) as well as the deities of the Capitoline Triad (Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva). A sanctuary to Jupiter was built on the Temple Mount, and statues of Roman

Animals, Cruelty To

2005-02-11T22:29:00.000-08:00

The willful or wanton infliction of pain, suffering, or death upon an animal, or the intentional or malicious neglect of an animal. In varying degrees, it is illegal in most countries in the world, and, in the late 20th century, interest in endangered species gave further impetus to the anticruelty movement. Reflecting such interest, many laws have been passed, although

Ilos

2005-02-11T13:31:00.000-08:00

In Greek mythology, the founder of Ilion (Troy). Ilos (or Zacynthus, a Cretan name) has been identified either as the brother of Erichthonius or as the son of Tros and grandson of Erichthonius. According to legend, the King of Phrygia gave Ilos a spotted cow as a wrestling prize, with the advice that he found a city wherever the cow first lay down. The animal chose the hill of

Anthesteria

2005-02-10T11:46:00.000-08:00

One of the several Athenian festivals in honour of Dionysus, the wine god, held annually for three days in the month of Anthesterion (February–March) to celebrate the beginning of spring and the maturing of the wine stored at the previous vintage. On the first day libations were offered to Dionysus from the newly opened casks. The second day was a time of popular merrymaking,

Haakon Vi Magnusson

2005-02-09T18:29:00.000-08:00

Byname Haakon Magnusson The Younger, Norwegian Håkon Magnusson Den Yngre king of Norway (1355–80) whose marriage to Margaret, daughter of the Danish king Valdemar IV, in 1363 paved the way for the eventual union (1397) of the three major Scandinavian nations—Denmark, Norway, and Sweden—the Kalmar Union. Haakon was deeply embroiled throughout his reign in political conflicts with Sweden, Denmark, and the cities of the north German trading confederation,

Binchy, Maeve

2005-02-09T18:17:00.000-08:00

Educated at University College, Dublin (B.A., 1960), Binchy taught school in Dublin from 1961 to 1968, when she began her career as a reporter for the daily